There are lots of fun links on the web for this great holiday, but here are a few of special interest to scientists and budding scientists:

1. Everyone’s favorite Halloween flying mammal — the bat! (Well, all right, the only flying mammal.) There are some terrific bat sites on the web. You can start out with the Masters of the Night Bat Quiz (http://www.lawrencehallofscience.org/batquiz/) to see how much you already know. To find out more, check out the sites listed in the Yahoo! Directory (http://dir.yahoo.com/Science/Biology/Zoology/Animals__Insects__and_Pets/Mammals/Bats/). Not only will you find great images of vampire bats, but who could resist Peter’s ghost-faced Bat? Or build a bat house (http://www.batcon.org/index.php/get-involved/install-a-bat-house.html) (I have a bat house in my back yard. If you have resident bats, they eat all the mosquitoes in your yard first!). What sounds do bats make? Hear some bat sounds (http://www.naturesongs.com/otheranimals.html#mftb) (as well as other animals). You will need an MP3 player.
2. Your Halloween bats may be accompanied by other creatures of the night, such as owls. You can visit a webcam site (http://www.owlcam.com/) and share in the adventures of a pair of Northern Barred Owls (Strix varia varia) as they raise their family in a nest box in Eastern Massachusetts. Rest assured that all of the pictures and sounds that you will experience are being obtained through “owl friendly” methods. The site also has links to information on rescuing injured owls.
3. I always thought Stonehenge deserved a place in Halloween — even though it may have nothing to do with the holiday, since Stonehenge most certainly predates the Celts and Druids. It’s just the sort of thing that should be true. There are a wealth of sites of interest on henges. Get a brief overview and some spectacular images, check out visitor information (http://www.visitwiltshire.co.uk/salisbury/home), or visit some of the other stone circles of Europe at Earth Mysteries.
4. Before they had pumpkins in Europe they had to make Jack-O’-Lanterns out of turnips — hard work. But you can grow an Atlantic giant pumpkin (http://www.backyardgardener.com/secert.html) following these detailed instructions. The world record pumkin weighed 1,092 lbs. — hope you have a BIG yard. Be ready for next Halloween!
5. You might want to stock up on wolf’s bane and garlic for the holiday. Can’t find any wolf’s bane around the house? Don’t know what it looks like? Get a detailed description (http://botanical.com/botanical/mgmh/a/aconi007.html), see a photograph (http://botany.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/schoepke/aco_al_1.jpg), or a line drawing. It’s good to recognize this plant. Not only does it ward off werewolves (so they say) but it is very poisonous. And don’t forget the garlic (http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mv064). Actually, there are a lot of herbs connected with Halloween. Some say the famous witches’ brew from Macbeth (http://www.shakespeare-online.com/plays/macbeth_4_1.html) is more likely made of various herbs than of animal parts. Visit this site for a list of herbs and their spell names [NOTE to parents: some of these names are a bit off-color] or for a list of herbs, go to the Witch’s Garden (http://www.shanmonster.com/witch/plants/). You can find additional information on these plants using botany sites on the web, like the ones used for the wolf’s bane information above. Many of these sites may require the Latin name of the plants; use a dictionary site (http://www.merriam-webster.com/netdict.htm) to find the Latin names.
6. Another great Halloween plant species is the contorted filbert tree, also known as Harry Lauder’s walking stick (http://www.ars-grin.gov/ars/PacWest/Corvallis/ncgr/cool/contorta.html). Another candidate is the ancient bristlecone pine (http://www.sonic.net/bristlecone/Images.html). See if you don’t agree these belong in every Halloween forest. Are there other trees that fit into a Halloween forest? How about oaks?
7. How can you celebrate Halloween without the eerie sound of a wolf’s howl (or possibly, a werewolf’s howl)? And what do different howls mean? Visit the NOVA Wild Wolves (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/wolves/) site to hear (and see sonographs of) a lonesome howl, a confrontational howl, a pup howl, and a chorus howl. More wolf howls are available. You can track individual wild wolves or packs (http://www.wolf.org/wolves/experience/telemsearch/vtelem/telem_intro.asp) through the telemetry data provided by the International Wolf Center.
8. Halloween pictures seem to always have a full moon, but how often does this really happen? Will there be a full moon this year? Next year? How about a blue moon? You can find the answers to some of these questions at the US Naval Observatory Moon Phase (http://www.usno.navy.mil/USNO/astronomical-applications/data-services/phases-moon) site (which lists all the phases for 1990 to 2005) or this list of full moons (http://fermi.jhuapl.edu/s1r/amastro/tools/fullmoons.txt) from 1900 to 2100). Check the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Moon (http://www.shallowsky.com/moon/hitchhiker.html) for other great moon link pages.
9. Actually, I’m not sure I have ever seen anyone in a mummy costume at Halloween, but I can’t imagine a Halloween without one. Medical artists are using new techniques to discover what these people looked like (http://dsc.discovery.com/news/briefs/20050425/mummy.html) when they were alive. The Manchester Museum (http://www.museum.manchester.ac.uk/collection/ancientegypt/) has established a mummy tissue bank, and is engaged in endeavors such as the worldwide Schistosomiasis Research Project and researching other information on the biology and medical conditions of these ancient peoples. And, of course, Egypt isn’t the only place with mummies. For instance, visit the Ice Mummies of the Inca (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/peru/) or the Mysterious Mummies of China (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/chinamum/). And don’t miss CyberMummy (http://archive.ncsa.illinois.edu/Cyberia/VideoTestbed/Projects/Mummy/mummyhome.html) — in 1989, the World Heritage Museum in Illinois acquired a mummy from an antiquities dealer. Without any background information to draw on, scientists at the museum painstakingly uncovered the mummy’s history. This site explains the non-destructive methods they used (including x-rays, CAT scans, and isotope and DNA analysis) to gather information without damaging the fragile mummy. These pages also contain a description of the mummy’s origin, ancient Egyptian architecture, and hieroglyphics. Special features here include several QuickTime Videos and a program that translates your name into hieroglyphics. For more mummy links, check out Mummies on the Web (http://www.guardians.net/egypt/mummies.htm).
10. Of course masks and costumes are celebrated at many occasions, in many cultures, as well as at Halloween. You can get a beautiful Yupik Mask screensaver (http://www.greenland-guide.gl/masks/default.htm) as freeware. See other stunning Yupik masks (http://www.mnh.si.edu/arctic/features/yupik/index.html), fabulous African masks (http://cti.itc.virginia.edu/~bcr/African_Mask.html), and Borucan masks from Costa Rica.
11. Do black cats cause bad luck? The eternal question, and one that has rarely been subjected to rigorous scientific testing. However, Mark Levin has taken it upon himself to examine this issue. Read his results (http://petcaretips.net/black_cat_luck.html). An informative source of cat anatomy can be found at Cats: Plans for Perfection (http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/cats/). Or you may be interested in why you see those glowing, scary eyes in the dark. Check out the FAQ Why cats’ eyes glow in the dark (http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/agarman/bco/fact4.htm).
12. The history of the era of witch hunts in Europe and America is a study in the sociology and folklore of that time and place. You can find many links to research this phenomenon through the women’s history: witches and witchcraft page (http://womenshistory.about.com/od/witches/Witches_and_Witchcraft.htm) at About.com (http://www.about.com/). Folktales (http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/werewolf.html) associated with this dark period can be found full text. Other eerie folk tales can be found at werewolf legends (http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/werewolf.html), vampire and ghost stories from Russia (http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/vampire.html), and Faust legends (http://www.pitt.edu/~dash/faust.html).
13. Since many of our Halloween customs trace back to Celtic beliefs, you may want to check out the mythology and mysticism of that ancient people. You can find information on their religion, or general information and pictures, including information about burial mounds.
14. Have a green Halloween! The Environmental Defense Fund provides us with tips to have an environmentally friendly Halloween (http://www.edf.org/pressrelease.cfm?contentID=2364). For “recycled” costume ideas, check the Goodwill Halloween costume page (http://www.goodwillnj.org/halloween/).
15. Besides green, Halloween is red, orange and yellow — the time for flaming foliage. Where is the best display of vibrant colors this weekend? This question and more can be answered by the Fall Color Hotline (http://www.fs.fed.us/news/fallcolors/) operated by the USDA Forest Service. Also includes “Why Leaves Change Color” and “The Chemistry of Fall Colors”. Or check out this explanation of Why Leaves Change Color (http://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/leaves/leaves.htm). You can preserve the beauty of these leaves by following these instructions. Or find out what the trees are missing by dropping their leaves by using the links at Learning About Photosynthesis (http://photoscience.la.asu.edu/photosyn/education/learn.html). There’s something here for everyone, from kids through PhD’s.
16. Keep your child safe! Consult these special sites on Halloween safety (http://dir.yahoo.com/society_and_culture/holidays_and_observances/halloween/safety/).
17. For more traditional Halloween websites, visit Halloween-online.com (http://www.halloween-online.com/) or check out a “Children’s Halloween Link Recommended by Blue Web’n”:
    • Billy Bear’s Halloween Page (http://www.billybear4kids.com/holidays/halowen/halowen.htm)
    Or the extensive list of Halloween sites (http://familyinternet.about.com/od/halloween/Halloween.htm) provided by About.com (http://www.about.com/).

Happy Halloween!

Stephanie Bianchi, National Science Foundation Library.

Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this newsletter are those of the participants (authors), and do not necessarily represent the official views, opinions, or policy of the National Science Foundation.